Mu myaka ibihumbi, abantu barashobora gukoresha gusa impano ya kamere: ibyuma, ibiti, reberi, resin… Ariko, nyuma yo kuvuka kwa tennis kumeza, abantu bahise bavumbura ko imbaraga za chimie polymer, dushobora guteranya atome ya karubone uko bishakiye kandi hydrogen atom, gukora ibikoresho bishya bitigeze biboneka kwisi.
Tekinoroji ya nitrocellulose ikoreshwa mugukora selile ni intambwe yo guhindura ikoranabuhanga rya plastike kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 1, kandi nkuko tubibona uyumunsi, iyi ni intambwe nto gusa murugendo rurerure.Hyatt yakoze "modifisation reaction" kuri fibre yipamba yashonga muri acide ya nitric, kuburyo selile ya macromolecular selile yamenetse ikongera ikavugururwa muburyo bushya, kandi fibre zisanzwe zongeye kuvuka.kuvuka ubwa kabiri.Nyamara, selile ubwayo ni polymer, kandi selileide ihindura selile gusa, kandi ntabwo itanga selile kurwego rwa molekile.Tumaze kwiga gukoresha molekile, ni ubuhe bwoko bw'amarozi tuzabona?

Ntabwo tugomba gutegereza igihe kirekire.Nyuma yimyaka 4 gusa amahirwe ya Hyatt ahuye na selileide, umuhanga mubya chimiste w’umudage Adolf von Baeyer yakoresheje fordehide na fenol muguhuza plastike nshya rwose: resin fenolike.Muri icyo gihe, hafunguwe disipuline nshya ya chimie: polymerisation.Mu rwego rwa chimie organic, polymerisation ni ubwoko bwubumaji bwirabura buhindura ibuye zahabu.Ihuza molekile ya fordehide na molekile ya fenolike murushundura runini, amaherezo ikabyara umuntu munini udashobora no kumenya se formaldehyde na nyina fenol.Resin.

Mu nganda, plastike ya resinike yitwa "bakelite" kubera ko irinda, irwanya static, kandi irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi.Nibikoresho byiza cyane byo gukora insulasiyo, kugirango ubashe gucana amatara burimunsi utitaye kumashanyarazi.Uhereye kuri kristu igaragara neza, biragoye kubona igitangaza cyibicuruzwa: buri gice cya bakelite ni molekile nini, molekile nini cyane kuburyo ishobora gufatwa mukiganza cyawe!
Mubitekerezo byacu, molekile isa nkikintu gito cyane kuva kera.Igitonyanga cyamazi kirimo 1.67 × 10 21 molekile zamazi.Ibikoresho fatizo bya resinike ya resinike, fordehide na fenol, ni molekile ntoya kandi idasanzwe, ifite uburemere bwa 30 na 94, ariko niba ushaka kubaza uburemere bwa molekuline ya fenolike, ushobora gushushanya zeru makumyabiri cyangwa mirongo itatu nyuma 1.

Kubona nibyiza kuruta kubibona.Niba ushaka kwibonera imbaraga ziteye ubwoba za polymerisiyonike, urashobora kandi kumara amasegonda 10 ukareba reaction ya polymerisation iturika nyuma yo gushyushya p-nitroaniline na acide sulfurike.Umuti muto wigice cyibikombe ku ishusho ibumoso waguka buhoro buhoro kandi unywa itabi nyuma yo gushyuha, hamwe na molekile ya p-nitroaniline irahuza kandi igahindura polymerize ku kigero cyiyongera.Hanyuma, ikirunga giturika mu gihe kitarenze isegonda 1, kandi igiti cyiza gikura ntahantu.Optimus Prime.Nubwo iyi nkingi yumwijima isa nkaho ikomeye, mubyukuri nuburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye bwa sponge bwakozwe na p-nitroaniline sulfonate, kandi bizaba ivu hamwe no gukanda gato.

Bitewe na polymerisation reaction, mumyaka mirongo mike gusa, hagaragaye umubare munini wa plastiki uzwi cyane "poly" plastike wagaragaye mubucuruzi bwimiti: polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, polystirene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropilene, Polyester ……
Niki?Uvuze ko utazi aya mazina adasanzwe?Nibyiza, nzagusobanurira kubwawe.
Polyamide (izwi kandi ku izina rya Nylon): Yakozwe na DuPont mu 1930, fibre ya mbere ya syntetique ku isi, ntabwo imaze imyaka igera kuri 100 irenga abanywanyi.

Polyethylene: plastike ikoreshwa cyane mubuzima bwa buri munsi.

Polystirene (izwi kandi ku izina rya Poly Dragon): igomba gukenerwa no kohereza

Polypropilene: irwanya ubushyuhe bugera kuri 140 ° C, kandi ntabwo ikora na acide, alkalis, n umunyu, kandi niyo ihitamo ryambere kumasanduku ya sasita ya microwave.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (izwi kandi ku izina rya Teflon): Azwi ku izina rya “Umwami wa Plastiki”, irashobora gukora bisanzwe mu ntera ya -180 ~ 250 ℃, kandi ikaba idashobora gukemuka mu bishishwa byose, ndetse no muri aqua regia yatetse.Gusa shyira igicucu cyoroshye munsi yisafuriya kugirango uhindure isafuriya ndende idafite inkoni

Fibre ya polyester (polyester): yuzuye elastique, irwanya inkari, idafite ibyuma, irwanya indwara, imyenda hafi ya yose yaguzwe kubutunzi irayifite, cyane cyane imyenda ya siporo.

Polyurethane: Yubahwa na Bayer mu 1937, ifite imbaraga nyinshi nubushyuhe buke bwumuriro, kandi ikoreshwa kenshi mugukingira urukuta.Ariko ushobora kuba umenyereye igitabo cya 0.01 mm mubuzima bwawe bwa buri munsi.

Niba nakubwiye ko ibiryo bya buri wese, imyambaro, amazu hamwe nubwikorezi bidashobora gutandukana na plastiki, birashoboka ko abantu benshi bazandeba bafite imvugo idasanzwe.Nibyo, birakabije, birenze kubona, birenze kwibagirwa, tuba mwisi ya plastike burimunsi.Duteka mumasafuriya ya plastike, turya mumasanduku ya plastike, tunywa mumacupa ya plastike, koza mubibindi bya pulasitike, koga mubwogero bwa pulasitike, twambara imyenda ya fibre ya plastike kugirango tujye hanze, gutwara imodoka za plastike 50% gukora, gufungura Laptop ya plastike, wandika iyi ngingo kuri clavier ya plastike - kandi urimo kuyisoma itera kuri terefone yawe ya plastike.
Kugeza ubu, ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bya plastiki bimaze gukorwa ku isi.Umubare nyawo ntushoboka kubara, kandi nta kamaro k'ibarurishamibare, kubera ko plastike nshya cyangwa amagana zisohoka buri mwaka, kandi buri munota na buri segonda, abakozi ba R&D batezimbere uburyo bwo gukora plastike muri laboratoire.Kuva selile ya selile yakozwe bwa mbere, twakoze toni miliyari 7 za plastiki, kandi iyo ikozwe mu mugozi, irashobora kuzenguruka isi ku isi - byinshi?Ubu dukora toni miliyari imwe ya plastike buri myaka 3.Ku nganda zikora imiti ya plastike imaze imyaka 140, ni intangiriro.
Igihe ikiremwamuntu kizimangana, abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bazabona ibimenyetso byerekana ko turiho mu mateka ya geologiya - ibuye rya plastiki.Plastike ihuza amabuye, amabuye, n'ibishishwa, ikarohama mu nyanja kugira ngo bibe isi iteka.Nkuko ububiko bwa calcium karubone bwaranze ibisigazwa bya Cretaceous na dinosaur byaranze Jurassic, iyi miterere yigitare cya plastiki yaranze ibihe bishya bya geologiya: Anthropocène.Optimiste bemeza ko gukora plastike ari intambwe nini nko gucukura inkwi zo gukora umuriro no gusya ibikoresho byamabuye.Irerekana ko abantu amaherezo bumva imiterere yibintu kandi bafite ubushobozi bwo guca ingoyi ya kamere no kubaka isi nshya itigeze ibaho;naho abandi, barabyanga.Bita "iterabwoba ryera", "guhimba urupfu" na "inzozi z'umuntu zo mu kinyejana cya 21".
Tekinoroji yashizeho umupira wa ping pong

Isosiyete yacu izobereye muguteguraibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki, tumaze imyaka 23 dukorana nibicuruzwa bya pulasitike, kandi uburambe bwacu burahagije