Iterambere rya plastiki rishobora gukurikiranwa hagati ya 19.Muri kiriya gihe, mu rwego rwo guhaza ibikenerwa mu nganda z’imyenda itera imbere mu Bwongereza, abahanga mu bya shimi bavanze imiti itandukanye hamwe, bizeye ko bazakora amarangi.Abashinzwe imiti bakunda cyane amakara y’amakara, akaba ari imyanda imeze nka curd yegeranye muri chimney yinganda zatewe na gaze gasanzwe.

William Henry Platinum, umufasha wa laboratoire mu kigo cya Royal Institute of Chemistry i Londres, yari umwe mu bantu bakoze ubu bushakashatsi.Umunsi umwe, igihe platine yahanaguraga imiti yimiti yamenetse ku ntebe muri laboratoire, basanze iyo myenda bayisize irangi muri lavender itakunze kugaragara icyo gihe.Ubu buvumbuzi butunguranye bwatumye platine yinjira mu nganda zo gusiga irangi amaherezo iba umuherwe.
Nubwo kuvumbura platine atari plastike, uku kuvumbura kubwimpanuka bifite akamaro kanini kuko byerekana ko ibinyabuzima byakozwe n'abantu bishobora kuboneka mugucunga ibikoresho bisanzwe.Ababikora bamenye ko ibikoresho byinshi nkibiti, amber, reberi, nikirahure ari bike cyane cyangwa bihenze cyane cyangwa ntibikwiriye kubyazwa umusaruro kuko bihenze cyane cyangwa bidahagije.Ibikoresho bya sintetike nibisimburwa byiza.Irashobora guhindura imiterere munsi yubushyuhe nigitutu, kandi irashobora kandi gukomeza imiterere nyuma yo gukonja.
Colin Williamson washinze umuryango wa Londere ushinzwe amateka ya plastiki, yagize ati: “Muri icyo gihe, abantu bahuraga no kubona ubundi buryo buhendutse kandi bworoshye guhinduka.”
Nyuma ya platine, undi mwongereza, Alexander Parks, yavanze chloroform n'amavuta ya castor kugirango abone ibintu bikomeye nk'ibimera.Iyi yari plastike yambere ya artificiel.Parike yizeye gukoresha iyi plastiki yakozwe n'abantu kugirango isimbuze reberi idashobora gukoreshwa cyane kubera gutera, gusarura, hamwe n’ibiciro byo gutunganya.
New Yorker John Wesley Hyatt, umucuzi, yagerageje gukora imipira ya biliard hamwe nibikoresho bya artile aho kuba imipira ya biliard ikozwe mu mahembe y'inzovu.Nubwo atakemuye iki kibazo, yasanze mu kuvanga camphor n'umubare runaka wa solvent, ibikoresho bishobora guhindura imiterere nyuma yo gushyuha bishobora kuboneka.Hyatt yita selile selile.Ubu bwoko bushya bwa plastike bufite ibiranga kuba byakozwe cyane nimashini nabakozi badafite ubumenyi.Bizana inganda za firime ibintu bikomeye kandi byoroshye ibintu bibonerana bishobora gushushanya amashusho kurukuta.
Celluloid kandi yateje imbere iterambere ryinganda zandika murugo, kandi amaherezo yasimbuye inyandiko ya silindrike yo hambere.Nyuma plastiki zirashobora gukoreshwa mugukora vinyl records na kasete kaseti;amaherezo, polyakarubone ikoreshwa mugukora disiki zoroshye.
Celluloid ituma gufotora bikorwa hamwe nisoko ryagutse.Mbere yuko George Eastman akora selileide, gufotora byari ibintu bihenze kandi bitoroshye kuko uwifotora yagombaga guteza imbere film wenyine.Eastman yazanye igitekerezo gishya: umukiriya yohereje firime yarangiye mububiko yafunguye, maze ategura film kubakiriya.Celluloid nicyo kintu cya mbere kibonerana gishobora gukorwa mu rupapuro ruto kandi gishobora kuzunguruka muri kamera.
Muri icyo gihe, Eastman yahuye n'umusore wimukira mu Bubiligi, Leo Beckeland.Baekeland yavumbuye ubwoko bw'impapuro zumva cyane urumuri.Eastman yaguze igihangano cya Beckland ku madolari 750.000 y'Amerika (ahwanye na miliyoni 2.5 z'amadolari y'Amerika).Amafaranga yari afite, Baekeland yubatse laboratoire.Kandi mu 1907 yahimbye plastiki ya fenolike.
Ibi bikoresho bishya byageze ku ntsinzi nini.Ibicuruzwa bikozwe muri plastiki ya fenolike birimo terefone, insinga zikingiwe, buto, icyuma cyindege, hamwe nudupira twa biliard nziza cyane.
Isosiyete ya Parker Ikaramu ikora amakaramu yisoko atandukanye muri plastiki ya fenolike.Mu rwego rwo kwerekana imbaraga za plastiki ya fenolike, isosiyete yerekanye imyigaragambyo mu ruhame kandi ikura ikaramu mu nyubako ndende.Ikinyamakuru "Igihe" cyahaye ingingo igifuniko cyo kumenyekanisha uwahimbye plastiki ya fenolike hamwe nibi bikoresho bishobora "gukoreshwa inshuro ibihumbi"
Nyuma yimyaka mike, laboratoire ya DuPont nayo yakoze indi ntera kubwimpanuka: yakoze nylon, igicuruzwa cyitwa silk artificiel.Mu 1930, Wallace Carothers, umuhanga ukora muri laboratoire ya DuPont, yinjije inkoni y’ibirahure ishyushye mu ruganda rurerure rwa molekile maze abona ibikoresho byoroshye.Nubwo imyenda ikozwe muri nylon yo hambere yashonga munsi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwicyuma, uwayihimbye Carothers yakomeje gukora ubushakashatsi.Nyuma yimyaka umunani, DuPont yazanye nylon.
Nylon yakoreshejwe cyane mumurima, parasute hamwe ninkweto byose bikozwe muri nylon.Ariko abategarugori bakoresha ishyaka rya nylon.Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 1940, Abanyamerika bagurishije miliyoni 5 z'imigabane ya nylon yakozwe na DuPont.Imigabane ya Nylon irabura, kandi bamwe mubacuruzi batangiye kwigira nka nylon.
Ariko intsinzi ya nylon ifite iherezo riteye agahinda: uwayihimbye, Carothers, yiyahuye afata cyanide.Steven Finnichell, umwanditsi w'igitabo “Plastike”, yagize ati: “Nabonye igitekerezo nyuma yo gusoma ikayi ya Carothers: Carothers yavuze ko ibikoresho yahimbye byakoreshejwe mu kubyara imyenda y'abagore.Isogisi yumvise ivunitse cyane.Yari intiti, bigatuma yumva adashobora kwihanganira. ”Yumvaga ko abantu batekereza ko ibyo yagezeho nta kindi uretse guhimba “ibicuruzwa bisanzwe by’ubucuruzi.”
Mugihe DuPont yashimishijwe nibicuruzwa byayo bikundwa nabantu.Abongereza bavumbuye imikoreshereze myinshi ya plastike mu gisirikare mu gihe cyintambara.Ubu buvumbuzi bwakozwe ku bw'impanuka.Abashakashatsi bo muri laboratoire ya Royal Chemical Industry Corporation yo mu Bwongereza barimo gukora ubushakashatsi budafite aho buhuriye, basanga hari igishashara cyera cyera munsi yigitereko cy’ibizamini.Nyuma y’ibizamini bya laboratoire, byagaragaye ko iyi ngingo ari ibikoresho byiza cyane.Ibiranga bitandukanye nibirahure, kandi imiraba ya radar irashobora kuyinyuramo.Abahanga babyita polyethylene, bakayikoresha mu kubaka inzu ya sitasiyo ya radar kugira ngo ifate umuyaga n’imvura, kugira ngo radar ibashe gufata indege z’abanzi munsi y’imvura n’imvura nyinshi.
Williamson wo mu muryango w’amateka ya plastiki yagize ati: “Hariho ibintu bibiri bituma habaho guhimba plastiki.Ikintu kimwe ni icyifuzo cyo gushaka amafaranga, ikindi ni intambara. ”Ariko, imyaka mirongo yakurikiyeho niyo yakoze plastike rwose Finney.Chell yise ikimenyetso cy '"ikinyejana cyibikoresho bya sintetike."Mu myaka ya za 1950, hagaragaye ibikoresho by'ibiribwa bikozwe muri pulasitike, inkono, agasanduku k'isabune n'ibindi bicuruzwa byo mu rugo;muri za 1960, intebe zaka umuriro zagaragaye.Mu myaka ya za 70, abashinzwe ibidukikije bagaragaje ko plastiki idashobora kwangirika bonyine.Ishyaka ryabantu kubicuruzwa bya pulasitike ryaragabanutse.
Nyamara, mu myaka ya za 1980 na 1990, kubera ko hakenewe cyane plastike mu nganda zikora amamodoka na mudasobwa, plastiki yarushijeho gushimangira umwanya wabo.Ntibishoboka guhakana iki kibazo gisanzwe.Imyaka 50 irashize, isi yashoboraga kubyara toni ibihumbi icumi bya plastiki buri mwaka;uyumunsi, umusaruro wa plastiki ngarukamwaka ku isi urenga toni miliyoni 100.Umusaruro wa pulasitike ngarukamwaka muri Amerika urenze umusaruro uhuriweho n’ibyuma, aluminium n'umuringa.
Amashanyarazi mashyahamwe nudushya turacyagaragara.Williamson wo muri Sosiyete ishinzwe amateka ya plastiki yagize ati: “Abashushanya n'abavumbuzi bazakoresha plastike mu kinyagihumbi gitaha.Nta bikoresho byumuryango bimeze nka plastiki yemerera abashushanya nabahimbye kurangiza ibicuruzwa byabo kubiciro buke cyane.guhanga.