1. Koresha ibyiciro

Ukurikije imikoreshereze itandukanye iranga plastike zitandukanye, plastiki ubusanzwe igabanyijemo ubwoko butatu: plastiki rusange, plastiki yubuhanga hamwe na plastiki idasanzwe.

Plastike rusange

Mubisanzwe bivuga plastike hamwe nibisohoka binini, ikoreshwa mugari, imiterere myiza nigiciro gito.Hariho ubwoko butanu bwa plastiki rusange, aribwo polyethylene (PE), polypropilene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystirene (PS) na acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Ubu bwoko butanu bwa plastiki bufite igice kinini cyibikoresho bya pulasitiki, naho ibindi birashobora gushyirwa mubwoko bwihariye bwa plastiki, nka: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, nibindi, bikoreshwa mubuzima bwa buri munsi bike cyane, cyane Byakoreshejwe mubice byohejuru nkinganda zubwubatsi nubuhanga bwokwirwanaho bwigihugu, nkimodoka, ikirere, ubwubatsi, n'itumanaho.Ukurikije ibyiciro bya plastike, plastike irashobora kugabanywa muri termoplastique na plastike ya termosetting.Mubihe bisanzwe, ibicuruzwa bya termoplastique birashobora gutunganywa, mugihe plastiki ya termosetting idashobora.Ukurikije imiterere ya optique ya plastiki, irashobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho bibisi bisobanutse, bisobanutse kandi bidasobanutse, nka PS, PMMA, AS, PC, nibindi aribyo plastiki ibonerana, Kandi nibindi byinshi bya plastiki ni plastiki idasobanutse.

Ibyiza nogukoresha bya plastiki ikoreshwa cyane:

1. Polyethylene:

Polyethylene ikoreshwa cyane irashobora kugabanywamo polyethylene yuzuye (LDPE), polyethylene yuzuye (HDPE) hamwe n'umurongo muto wa polyethylene (LLDPE).Muri bitatu, HDPE ifite ibikoresho byiza byubushyuhe, amashanyarazi nubukanishi, mugihe LDPE na LLDPE bifite imiterere ihindagurika, imiterere yingaruka, imitungo ikora firime, nibindi. LDPE na LLDPE bikoreshwa cyane mubipfunyika, firime yubuhinzi, guhindura plastike, nibindi. , mugihe HDPE ifite porogaramu zitandukanye, nka firime, imiyoboro, no gutera inshinge buri munsi.

2. Polypropilene:

Ugereranije, polypropilene ifite ubwoko bwinshi, ikoreshwa cyane, hamwe nimirima yagutse.Ubwoko burimo cyane cyane homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), guhagarika copolymer polypropylene (copp) hamwe na copolymer polypropilene (rapp).Ukurikije porogaramu Homopolymerisation ikoreshwa cyane cyane mubijyanye no gushushanya insinga, fibre, inshinge, firime ya BOPP, nibindi. polypropilene ikoreshwa cyane cyane mubicuruzwa bibonerana, ibicuruzwa bikora neza, imiyoboro ikora cyane, nibindi.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Kubera igiciro cyayo gito hamwe no kwifata-flame retardant, ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha mubikorwa byubwubatsi, cyane cyane kumiyoboro yimyanda, inzugi zicyuma cya plastike nidirishya, amasahani, uruhu rwubukorikori, nibindi.

4. Polystirene:

Nkubwoko bwibikoresho bibisi bisobanutse, mugihe hakenewe gukorera mu mucyo, bifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha, nk'amatara yimodoka, ibice bibonerana burimunsi, ibikombe bibonerana, amabati, nibindi.

5. ABS:

Nibikoresho byinshi bya pulasitiki yubuhanga ifite ibikoresho bya tekinike nubushyuhe bukomeye.Ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo murugo, panele, masike, inteko, ibikoresho, nibindi, cyane cyane ibikoresho byo murugo, nk'imashini imesa, ibyuma bifata ibyuma bikonjesha, firigo, umuyaga w'amashanyarazi, nibindi. Ninini cyane kandi ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha muri Guhindura plastike.

Ing Gukora plastike

Mubisanzwe bivuga plastike ishobora kwihanganira imbaraga runaka zo hanze, ifite imiterere yubukanishi, irwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kandi buke, kandi ifite umutekano muke, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkubwubatsi, nka polyamide na polysulfone.Muri plastiki yubuhanga, igabanijwemo ibyiciro bibiri: plastiki yubuhanga rusange na plastiki idasanzwe yubuhanga.Ibikoresho bya plastiki byubwubatsi birashobora kuba byujuje ibisabwa murwego rwubukanishi, kuramba, kurwanya ruswa, no kurwanya ubushyuhe, kandi biroroshye gutunganya kandi birashobora gusimbuza ibikoresho byuma.Ubwubatsi bwa plastike bukoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi na elegitoronike, ibinyabiziga, ubwubatsi, ibikoresho byo mu biro, imashini, icyogajuru nizindi nganda.Gusimbuza plastiki ibyuma na plastiki kubiti byahindutse inzira mpuzamahanga.

Ububiko rusange bwa plastike burimo: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polyakarubone, polifhenelene yahinduwe, polimeri ya polymoplastike, polyethylene yuburemere bukabije bwa molekile, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcool copolymer, nibindi.

Plastike idasanzwe yubuhanga igabanijwemo ubwoko butandukanye kandi budahuye.Ubwoko buhujwe ni: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide ihuza imipaka, epoxy resin irwanya ubushyuhe nibindi.Ubwoko butahujwe ni: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polifhenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) nibindi.

Plastike idasanzwe

Mubisanzwe bivuga plastike ifite imikorere idasanzwe kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mubikorwa bidasanzwe nkindege nindege.Kurugero, fluoroplastique na silicone bifite imbaraga zidasanzwe zo guhangana nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, kwiyitirira amavuta hamwe nindi mirimo idasanzwe, hamwe na plastiki zishimangiwe hamwe na plastiki zifuro zifite ibintu byihariye nkimbaraga nyinshi hamwe no kwisiga hejuru.Iyi plastiki iri mubyiciro bya plastiki idasanzwe.

a.Plastiki ishimangiwe:

Ibikoresho fatizo bya pulasitiki bishimangiwe birashobora kugabanywa muri granular (nka plastiki ya calcium ya pulasitike ya calcium), fibre (nka fibre yikirahure cyangwa imyenda y'ibirahuri ikozwe muri plastiki), na flake (nka plastike ya mika ikomeza) igaragara.Ukurikije ibikoresho, irashobora kugabanywamo ibice bishingiye ku myenda ishingiye ku mwenda (nka plastiki ishimangirwa cyangwa asibesitosi ikomezwa na plastiki), imyunyu ngugu ya organic organique yuzuye plastike (nka quartz cyangwa mika yuzuye plastiki), hamwe na plastiki ikomeza fibre (nka fibre karubone ishimangirwa; plastike).

b.Ifuro:

Amashanyarazi ya pulasitike arashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: bukomeye, igice-gikomeye kandi cyoroshye.Ifuro ya Rigid ntishobora guhinduka, kandi gukomera kwayo ni nini cyane.Bizahinduka gusa iyo bigeze ku gaciro runaka kandi ntibishobora gusubira uko byahoze nyuma yo guhangayika.Ifuro ryoroshye riroroshye, hamwe no gukomera gukomeye, kandi biroroshye guhindura.Kugarura leta yumwimerere, deformisiyo isigaye ni nto;guhindagurika nibindi bintu bya kimwe cya kabiri cyigice kiri hagati yifuro ikomeye kandi yoroshye.

Babiri, umubiri na shimi

Ukurikije imiterere itandukanye yumubiri nubumashini bya plastiki zitandukanye, plastiki irashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: plastike ya termosetting na plastiki ya termoplastique.

(1) Thermoplastique

Thermoplastique (Thermo plastike): bivuga plastike izashonga nyuma yo gushyuha, irashobora gutembera mubibumbano nyuma yo gukonja, hanyuma bigashonga nyuma yo gushyushya;gushyushya no gukonjesha birashobora gukoreshwa kugirango habeho impinduka zidasubirwaho (amazi ← → ikomeye), yego Ibyo bita impinduka zumubiri.Intego-rusange ya termoplastike ifite ubudahwema gukoresha ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 100 ° C.Polyethylene, chloride ya polyvinyl, polypropilene, na polystirene nabyo bita plastike enye rusange.Plastiki ya Thermoplastique igabanijwemo hydrocarbone, vinyl hamwe na genes ya polar, injeniyeri, selile nubundi bwoko.Ihinduka yoroshye iyo ishyushye, kandi igakomera iyo ikonje.Irashobora koroshya inshuro nyinshi no gukomera no gukomeza imiterere runaka.Irashobora gushonga mumashanyarazi amwe kandi ifite umutungo wo gushonga no gushonga.Thermoplastique ifite amashanyarazi meza cyane cyane polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystirene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropilene (PP) ifite dielectric ihoraho cyane kandi igatakaza dielectric.Kumurongo mwinshi hamwe nibikoresho bya insulasiyo yo hejuru.Thermoplastique iroroshye kubumba no kuyitunganya, ariko ifite ubushyuhe buke kandi byoroshye kunyerera.Urwego rwibisimba rutandukana nuburemere, ubushyuhe bwibidukikije, ibishishwa, nubushuhe.Mu rwego rwo gutsinda izo ntege nke za thermoplastique no guhuza ibikenerwa mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga mu kirere no guteza imbere ingufu nshya, ibihugu byose birimo guteza imbere imyanda idashobora gushyuha ishobora gushonga, nka polyether ether ketone (PEEK) na polyether sulfone ( PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polifhenylene sulfide (PPS), nibindi.Kurugero, ukoresheje polyether ether ketone nka matrix resin na fibre fibre kugirango ikore ibintu byinshi, kurwanya umunaniro birenze ibya epoxy / fibre karubone.Ifite ingaruka nziza zo guhangana, guhangana neza nubushyuhe bwicyumba, hamwe nuburyo bwiza.Irashobora gukoreshwa ubudahwema kuri 240-270 ° C.Nibikoresho byiza byo hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Ibikoresho byinshi bikozwe muri polyethersulfone nka matrix resin na fibre karubone bifite imbaraga nyinshi nubukomezi kuri 200 ° C, kandi birashobora gukomeza guhangana ningaruka kuri -100 ° C;ntabwo ari uburozi, butaka, umwotsi muke, hamwe no kurwanya imirasire.Nibyiza, byitezwe ko bizakoreshwa nkibintu byingenzi bigize icyogajuru, kandi birashobora no kubumbabumbwa muri radome, nibindi.

Formaldehyde ihuza plastike irimo plastike ya fenolike, plastike ya amino (nka urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, nibindi).Ibindi byahujwe na plastiki zirimo polyester idahagije, epoxy resin, hamwe na phthalic diallyl resin.

(2) Amashanyarazi

Amashanyarazi ya Thermosetting yerekeza kuri plastiki zishobora gukira mugihe cyubushyuhe cyangwa mubindi bihe cyangwa zikagira ibimenyetso bidashobora gushonga (gushonga), nka plastiki ya fenolike, plastike ya epoxy, nibindi.Nyuma yo gutunganya amashyuza no kubumba, havutse ibicuruzwa bidakira kandi bidashobora gukira, kandi molekile ya resin ihujwe no guhuza imiyoboro y'urusobekerane.Ubushyuhe bwiyongereye buzabora kandi busenye.Ubusanzwe plastiki ya thermosetting irimo fenolike, epoxy, amino, polyester idahagije, furan, polysiloxane nibindi bikoresho, hamwe na plastike nshya ya polydipropilene.Bafite ibyiza byo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi no kurwanya ihinduka iyo bishyushye.Ikibi nuko imbaraga zubukanishi muri rusange zitari hejuru, ariko imbaraga za mashini zirashobora kunozwa wongeyeho ibyuzuzo kugirango ukore ibikoresho byanduye cyangwa ibikoresho byabumbwe.

Plastiki ya Thermosetting ikozwe muri fenolike nkibikoresho nyamukuru, nka plastiki ibumbabumbwe ya fenolike (bakunze kwita Bakelite), iraramba, ihagaze neza, kandi irwanya ibindi bintu byimiti usibye alkalis ikomeye.Ibintu byinshi byuzuza ninyongeramusaruro birashobora kongerwaho ukurikije imikoreshereze itandukanye nibisabwa.Kubwoko busaba gukora cyane, mika cyangwa fibre fibre irashobora gukoreshwa nkuzuza;kubwoko busaba kurwanya ubushyuhe, asibesitosi cyangwa ibindi byuzuza ubushyuhe birashobora gukoreshwa;kubwoko busaba kurwanya imitingito, fibre zitandukanye cyangwa reberi irashobora gukoreshwa nkuzuza Kandi ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikaze kugirango bikore ibikoresho bikomeye.Byongeye kandi, ibyuma byahinduwe bya fenolike nka aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, na acetal polyvinyl birashobora kandi gukoreshwa kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa mubikorwa bitandukanye.Ibisigarira bya fenolike birashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora laminate ya fenolike, irangwa nimbaraga zikomeye, ibikoresho byiza byamashanyarazi, kurwanya ruswa, no kuyitunganya byoroshye.Zikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byamashanyarazi bito.

Aminoplasts irimo urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde nibindi.Bafite ibyiza byimiterere ikomeye, kwihanganira gushushanya, kutagira ibara, guhinduranya, nibindi. Kongera ibikoresho byamabara birashobora gukorwa mubicuruzwa byamabara, bikunze kwitwa amashanyarazi.Kubera ko irwanya amavuta kandi ntigire ingaruka kuri alkalis idakomeye hamwe n’umuti ukungahaye (ariko ntabwo irwanya aside), irashobora gukoreshwa kuri 70 ° C igihe kirekire, kandi irashobora kwihanganira 110 kugeza 120 ° C mugihe gito, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mubicuruzwa byamashanyarazi.Plastike ya Melamine-formaldehyde ifite ubukana burenze plastike ya urea-formaldehyde, kandi ifite amazi meza, irwanya ubushyuhe, kandi irwanya arc.Irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho birwanya arc.

Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa plastike ya thermosetting ikozwe na epoxy resin nkibikoresho nyamukuru, muribyo hafi 90% bishingiye kuri bispenol A epoxy resin.Ifite neza cyane, kubika amashanyarazi, kurwanya ubushyuhe no gutuza imiti, kugabanuka gake no kwinjiza amazi, nimbaraga nziza za mashini.

Byombi polyester idahagije hamwe na epoxy resin irashobora gukorwa muri FRP, ifite imbaraga zubukanishi.Kurugero, fibre yibirahure ikozwe muri plasitike idahagije ifite imiterere yubukanishi nubucucike buke (1/5 kugeza 1/4 cyibyuma, 1/2 cya aluminium), kandi byoroshye gutunganya mubice bitandukanye byamashanyarazi.Ibikoresho byamashanyarazi nubukanishi bya plastiki bikozwe muri dipropilene phthalate resin nibyiza kuruta ibya plastiki ya fenolike na amino.Ifite hygroscopique nkeya, ingano yibicuruzwa bihamye, imikorere myiza yo kubumba, aside na alkali irwanya, amazi abira hamwe na solge zimwe na zimwe.Ifumbire mvaruganda ikwiranye no gukora ibice bifite imiterere igoye, irwanya ubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwinshi.Mubisanzwe, irashobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire mubushuhe bwa -60 ～ 180 and, kandi urwego rwo kurwanya ubushyuhe rushobora gushika ku cyiciro cya F kugeza kuri H, kikaba kiri hejuru yubushyuhe bwa plastike ya fenolike na amino.

Plastiki ya silicone muburyo bwa polysiloxane ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki nubuhanga bwamashanyarazi.Plastiki ya silicone yomekwa cyane cyane ishimangirwa nigitambara cyibirahure;plastike ya silicone ibumbabumbwe yuzuyemo fibre yibirahuri na asibesitosi, bikoreshwa mugukora ibice birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, moteri yumuriro mwinshi cyangwa moteri yibiza, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.Ubu bwoko bwa plastike burangwa na dielectric nkeya ihoraho hamwe nagaciro ka tgδ, kandi ntigaragazwa cyane numurongo.Ikoreshwa mu nganda zamashanyarazi na elegitoronike kugirango irwanye corona na arcs.Nubwo gusohora bitera kubora, ibicuruzwa ni dioxyde ya silicon aho kuba karubone yumukara..Ubu bwoko bwibikoresho bifite ubushyuhe budasanzwe kandi burashobora gukoreshwa ubudahwema kuri 250 ° C.Ingaruka nyamukuru za polysilicone nimbaraga nke zubukanishi, gufatira hamwe no kurwanya amavuta mabi.Polimeri nyinshi zahinduwe zahinduwe, nka polyester yahinduwe na silicone plastike kandi yakoreshejwe mubuhanga bwamashanyarazi.Amashanyarazi amwe ni plastike yubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwa plastike.Kurugero, polyvinyl chloride muri rusange ni thermoplastique.Ubuyapani bwashyizeho ubwoko bushya bwa chloride polyvinyl chloride ari yo termoset kandi ifite ubushyuhe bwa 60 kugeza 140 ° C.Plastike yitwa Lundex muri Reta zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zamerika.

Plastike ya hydrocarubone.

Ni plastiki idafite inkingi, igabanijwemo kristaline na kristaline.Amashanyarazi ya hydrocarubone ya Crystalline arimo polyethylene, polypropilene, nibindi, hamwe na plastiki ya hydrocarubone itari kristaline irimo polystirene, nibindi.

Plastike ya plastike irimo gen.

Usibye fluoroplastique, inyinshi murizo ni umubiri utagaragara wa kristaline, harimo chloride polyvinyl, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetine acetate, nibindi.

HerIbikoresho bya plastiki yubushakashatsi.

Ahanini harimo polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polyakarubone, ABS, polifhenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polifhenylene sulfide, nibindi Polytetrafluoroethylene.Polipropilene yahinduwe, nibindi nabyo biri muriki cyiciro.

Plast Amashanyarazi ya selimoplastike.

Harimo cyane cyane acetate ya selile, selulose acetate butyrate, selofane, selofane nibindi.

Turashobora gukoresha ibikoresho byose bya plastiki hejuru.
Mubihe bisanzwe, ibiryo byo mu rwego rwa PP hamwe nubuvuzi-PP bikoreshwa mubicuruzwa bisaibiyiko. Umuyoboroikozwe mubikoresho bya HDPE, naikizaminimuri rusange bikozwe mubyiciro byubuvuzi PP cyangwa PS.Turacyafite ibicuruzwa byinshi, dukoresheje ibikoresho bitandukanye, kuko turi aibumbauwukora, ibicuruzwa hafi ya byose bya plastiki birashobora kubyazwa umusaruro