1. Koresha ishyirwa mu byiciro

Dukurikije imiterere itandukanye y'ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki zitandukanye, pulasitiki isanzwe igabanyijemo ubwoko butatu: pulasitiki rusange, pulasitiki y'ubuhanga n'ipulasitiki yihariye.

①Pulasitiki rusange

Muri rusange bivuga pulasitiki ifite umusaruro mwinshi, ikoreshwa mu buryo bwagutse, ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza kandi ihendutse. Hari ubwoko butanu bwa pulasitiki rusange, ari bwo polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) na acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). Ubwo bwoko butanu bwa pulasitiki bugizwe n'ibikoresho byinshi bya pulasitiki, kandi ibisigaye bishobora gushyirwa mu moko yihariye ya pulasitiki, nka: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, nibindi, bikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi bike cyane, ahanini bikoreshwa mu nzego zigezweho nko mu nganda z'ubuhanga n'ikoranabuhanga ryo kurinda igihugu, nk'imodoka, indege, ubwubatsi, n'itumanaho. Dukurikije uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro pulasitiki, pulasitiki ishobora kugabanywamo thermoplastics na thermosetting. Mu bihe bisanzwe, ibicuruzwa bya thermoplastics bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, mu gihe thermosettings zitabishobora. Dukurikije imiterere y'izuba ya pulasitiki, zishobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho fatizo bibonerana, bibonerana kandi bitagaragara, nka PS, PMMA, AS, PC, nibindi, aribyo pulasitiki ibonerana, Kandi izindi pulasitiki nyinshi ni pulasitiki idasobanutse.

Imiterere n'imikoreshereze ya pulasitiki ikoreshwa cyane:

1. Polyethylene:

Polyethylene ikoreshwa cyane ishobora kugabanywamo polyethylene yo mu bwoko bwa low density (LDPE), polyethylene yo mu bwoko bwa high density (HDPE) na polyethylene yo mu bwoko bwa linear low density (LLDPE). Muri ibyo bitatu, HDPE ifite imiterere myiza y'ubushyuhe, amashanyarazi n'imashini, mu gihe LDPE na LLDPE bifite imiterere myiza yo koroha, imiterere y'ingaruka, imiterere yo gukora filime, nibindi. LDPE na LLDPE zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu mafirime yo gupfunyika, amafirime y'ubuhinzi, guhindura pulasitiki, nibindi, mu gihe HDPE ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha, nko mu mafirime, imiyoboro, n'ibikoresho bya buri munsi byo guterwamo inshinge.

2. Polypropylene:

Mu buryo bufatika, polypropylene ifite amoko menshi, ikoreshwa cyane, kandi ifite amashami menshi atandukanye. Ubwoko bw'ibice birimo homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) na random copolymer polypropylene (rapp). Dukurikije ikoreshwa, Homopolymerization ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bijyanye no gushushanya insinga, fibre, injection, BOPP film, nibindi. Copolymer polypropylene ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho byo mu rugo birimo injection, ibikoresho fatizo byahinduwe, ibikoresho bya buri munsi bikoreshwa mu injection, imiyoboro, nibindi, naho random polypropylene ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho bibonerana, ibicuruzwa bigezweho, imiyoboro ikora neza, nibindi.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Kubera ko ihendutse kandi idashobora kwishyushya, ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyikoresha mu bwubatsi, cyane cyane ku miyoboro y'amazi mabi, inzugi n'amadirishya by'ibyuma bya pulasitiki, amasahani, uruhu rw'ubukorano, n'ibindi.

4. Polystyrene:

Nk'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho fatizo bibonerana, iyo bibaye ngombwa ko bibonerana, bifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kubikoresha, nko gusiga amatara y'imodoka, ibice bibonerana buri munsi, ibikombe bibonerana, amacupa, n'ibindi.

5. ABS:

Ni pulasitiki ikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye kandi ifite imiterere idasanzwe ya mekanike n'ubushyuhe. Ikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byo mu rugo, pani, udupfukamunwa, ibikoresho byo guteranya, nibindi, cyane cyane ibikoresho byo mu rugo, nk'imashini zimesa, ibyuma bikonjesha, firigo, amashyuza, nibindi. Ni nini cyane kandi ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha mu guhindura pulasitiki.

②Imashini zikora pulasitiki

Muri rusange bivuga pulasitiki zishobora kwihanganira imbaraga runaka zo hanze, zifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike, zirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubukonje, kandi zifite ubushobozi bwo kudahinduka, kandi zishobora gukoreshwa nk'imiterere y'ubuhanga, nka polyamide na polysulfone. Muri pulasitiki y'ubuhanga, igabanyijemo ibice bibiri: pulasitiki rusange y'ubuhanga na pulasitiki yihariye y'ubuhanga. Plasitiki y'ubuhanga ishobora kuzuza ibisabwa byo hejuru mu bijyanye n'imiterere ya mekanike, kuramba, kurwanya ingese, no kurwanya ubushyuhe, kandi zoroshye kuzitunganya kandi zishobora gusimbura ibikoresho by'icyuma. Plasitiki y'ubuhanga ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda z'amashanyarazi n'iz'ikoranabuhanga, imodoka, ubwubatsi, ibikoresho by'ibiro, imashini, indege n'izindi nganda. Gusimbuza pulasitiki icyuma na pulasitiki ibiti byabaye ikintu kidasanzwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Plastiki rusange zikoreshwa mu buhanga zirimo: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether yahinduwe, polyester ya thermoplastic, polyethylene ifite uburemere bwa molekile bwinshi, polymer ya methylpentene, copolymer ya alcohol ya vinyl, nibindi.

Plastike zidasanzwe z’ubuhanga zigabanyijemo ubwoko bufatanye n’ubudafatanye. Ubwoko bufatanye ni: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide ifatanye, epoxy resin irinda ubushyuhe n’ibindi. Ubwoko budafite aho buhuriye ni: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) n’ibindi.

③Plastike zidasanzwe

Muri rusange bivuga pulasitiki zifite inshingano zidasanzwe kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu bikorwa byihariye nko mu ndege no mu kirere. Urugero, fluoroplastic na silicones bifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushyuhe bwinshi, kwisiga amavuta n'ibindi bikorwa byihariye, naho pulasitiki zikomejwe na pulasitiki zifite ifuro zifite imiterere yihariye nko gukomera cyane no gupfuka cyane. Izi pulasitiki ziri mu cyiciro cya pulasitiki zidasanzwe.

a. Plasitike ikozwe mu buryo bw'imbaraga:

Ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bikomejwe bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: granular (nk'ipulasitiki ikoreshwa mu gukayumu), fibre (nk'ikirahure cyangwa ipulasitiki ikoreshwa mu gitambaro), na flake (nk'ipulasitiki ikoreshwa mu gukayumu). Dukurikije ibikoresho, bishobora kugabanywamo plastiki ikoreshwa mu gitambaro (nk'ipulasitiki ikoreshwa mu gukayumu cyangwa asbestos), pulasitiki yuzuyemo amabuye y'agaciro (nk'ipulasitiki ya quartz cyangwa mica), na pulasitiki ikoreshwa mu gukayumu (nk'ipulasitiki ikoreshwa mu gukayumu).

b. Ifuro:

Plasitike y'ifuro ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: ifuro rikomeye, iryoroheje n'iryoroheje. Ifuro rikomeye nta bworoherane rigira, kandi ubukana bwaryo bwo gukanda ni bunini cyane. Rizahinduka gusa iyo rigeze ku gaciro runaka k'umuvuduko kandi ntirishobora gusubira uko ryari rimeze nyuma yuko umuvuduko ugabanutse. Ifuro rihindagurika ryoroshye, rifite ubukana buke bwo gukanda, kandi ryoroshye guhinduranya. Kugarura imiterere yaryo ya mbere, ubusumbane busigaye ni buto; ubworoherane n'ibindi biranga ifuro rikomeye riri hagati y'ifuro rikomeye n'iryoroheje.

Icya kabiri, gushyira mu byiciro fiziki n'ibinyabutabire

Dukurikije imiterere itandukanye ya pulasitiki zitandukanye n'iya shimi, pulasitiki zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: pulasitiki zikoresha thermosetting na pulasitiki zikoresha thermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): yerekeza kuri pulasitiki izashonga nyuma yo gushyuha, ishobora gutembera mu ibumba nyuma yo gukonja, hanyuma igashonga nyuma yo gushyuha; gushyushya no gukonjesha bishobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga impinduka zishobora guhinduka (amazi ←→zikomeye), yego. Ibyo byitwa impinduka zifatika. Thermoplastics zikoreshwa muri rusange zifite ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 100°C. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, na polystyrene nazo zitwa pulasitiki enye zikoreshwa muri rusange. Plastike za Thermoplastic zigabanyijemo hydrocarbons, vinyls zifite polar genes, engineering, cellulose n'izindi. Iyo zishyushye, ziba zoroshye iyo zikonje. Zishobora koroha kenshi kandi zigakomera kandi zikagumana imiterere runaka. Zishonga mu bintu bimwe na bimwe kandi zifite imiterere yo gushonga no gushonga. Thermoplastics zifite insulation nziza y'amashanyarazi, cyane cyane polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) zifite igihombo gito cyane cya dielectric constant na dielectric. Ku bikoresho byo gushonga bifite frequency nyinshi na voltage nyinshi. Thermoplastic zoroshye kubumba no gutunganya, ariko zifite ubushyuhe buke kandi zoroshye kuzinga. Igipimo cy'izinga gitandukana bitewe n'umutwaro, ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije, solvent, n'ubushuhe. Kugira ngo ibihugu byose bitsinde izi ntege nke za thermoplastic kandi bihuze n'ibikenewe mu ikoranabuhanga ryo mu kirere no guteza imbere ingufu nshya, hari résins zirwanya ubushyuhe zishobora gushonga, nka polyether ether ketone (PEEK) na polyether sulfone (PES). , Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), n'ibindi. Ibikoresho bivanze bizikoresha nk'izinga rya matrix bifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike kandi birwanya imiti, bishobora gushyuha no gusukurwa, kandi bifite imbaraga zo gukata hagati ya epoxy resin. Urugero, gukoresha polyether ether ketone nk'izinga rya matrix resin na fibre ya karuboni kugira ngo bikore ibikoresho bivanze, ubudahangarwa burenze ubwa epoxy/fiber ya karuboni. Ifite ubudahangarwa bwiza, irwanya ingazi ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, kandi ishobora gutunganywa neza. Ishobora gukoreshwa buri gihe kuri 240-270°C. Ni ibikoresho byiza byo gukingira ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ibikoresho bivanze byakozwe muri polyethersulfone nka resin ya matrix na fibre ya karuboni bifite imbaraga nyinshi n'ubukana kuri 200°C, kandi bishobora kugumana ubudahangarwa bwiza kuri -100°C; ntabwo ari uburozi, ntabwo bishya, ntabwo ari umwotsi mwinshi, kandi ntibishobora kurwanya imirasire. Birumvikana ko biteganijwe ko bizakoreshwa nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'icyogajuru, kandi bishobora no guhindurwamo radome, nibindi.

Plasitiki zifatanye na formaldehyde zirimo pulasitiki za phenolic, pulasitiki za amino (nk'umunyu-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, n'izindi). Izindi pulasitiki zifatanye na cross-linked zirimo polyester zidafite amazi, resins epoxy, na resins za phthalic diallyl.

(2) Plasitike yo gushyiramo thermosetting

Plasitiki zo gushyiramo thermosetting yerekeza kuri plastiki zishobora kuvurwa mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe cyangwa izindi mimerere cyangwa zifite imiterere idashonga (ishongeshwa), nka plastiki za phenolic, plastiki za epoxy, nibindi. Plastiki zo gushyiramo thermosetting zigabanyijemo formaldehyde cross-linked type n'izindi cross-linked types. Nyuma yo gutunganya no gushushanya ubushyuhe, hakorwa ikintu kidashonga kandi kidashonga, hanyuma molekile za resin zigahuzwa mu buryo bw'urusobe rw'amakuru hakoreshejwe imiterere igororotse. Ubushyuhe bwinshi burabora kandi bukangiza. Plastiki zisanzwe zo gushyiramo thermosetting zirimo phenolic, epoxy, amino, polyester idafite amazi, furan, polysiloxane n'ibindi bikoresho, hamwe na plastiki nshya za polydipropylene phthalate. Zifite ibyiza byo kudashyuha cyane no kudahinduka iyo zishyushye. Ingorane ni uko imbaraga za mashini muri rusange zitaba nyinshi, ariko imbaraga za mashini zishobora kongerwa wongeyeho fillers kugira ngo ukore ibikoresho bya laminated cyangwa ibikoresho byabumbwe.

Plasitike zikoresha thermosetting zikozwe muri resin ya phenolic nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi, nka pulasitiki ikozwe muri phenolic (izwi cyane nka Bakelite), ziraramba, ntizihinduka mu buryo buhanitse, kandi ntizishobora kwangizwa n'ibindi bintu bya shimi uretse alkali zikomeye. Udukoresho dutandukanye twongeramo ibintu n'ibindi bikoresho bishobora kongerwamo hakurikijwe ikoreshwa n'ibisabwa bitandukanye. Ku moko akeneye ubushobozi bwo gushyushya cyane, mica cyangwa fibre y'ikirahure irashobora gukoreshwa nk'iyuzuza; ku moko akeneye ubushobozi bwo kudashyuha, asbestos cyangwa izindi mashini zirinda ubushyuhe zirashobora gukoreshwa; ku moko akeneye ubushobozi bwo kudashyuha, fibre zitandukanye cyangwa rubber zikwiye zishobora gukoreshwa nk'iyuzuza. Kandi hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikomeza kugira ngo bikore ibikoresho bikomeye. Byongeye kandi, resin za phenolic zahinduwe nka aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, na polyvinyl acetal nazo zishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo zihuze n'ibisabwa mu buryo butandukanye. Resin za phenolic zirashobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukora laminates za phenolic, zirangwa n'imbaraga nyinshi za mekanike, imiterere myiza y'amashanyarazi, kudashyuha, no gutunganya byoroshye. Zikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho by'amashanyarazi bifite voltage nkeya.

Aminoplast zirimo urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde n'ibindi. Zifite ibyiza byo gukomera, kudashwara, kudakoresha ibara, kubonerana, nibindi. Kongeramo ibikoresho by'amabara bishobora gukorwamo ibintu bifite amabara, bizwi nka electric jade. Kubera ko idapfa guterwa n'amavuta kandi ntigira ingaruka ku binyabutabire byoroheje n'ibintu bisukura by'umwimerere (ariko idapfa guterwa na aside), ishobora gukoreshwa kuri 70°C igihe kirekire, kandi ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwa 110 kugeza 120°C mu gihe gito, kandi ishobora gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by'amashanyarazi. Plastike ya Melamine-formaldehyde ifite ubukana bwinshi kurusha plastiki ya urea-formaldehyde, kandi irwanya amazi neza, idapfa ubushyuhe, kandi idapfa guterwa na arc. Ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho bikingira arc bidapfa guterwa na arc.

Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa pulasitiki zikoresha thermosetting zikozwe muri epoxy resin nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze, muri zo hafi 90% bishingiye kuri bisphenol A epoxy resin. Ifite ubushobozi bwo gufata neza, irinda amashanyarazi, irwanya ubushyuhe n'ubudahangarwa bw'imiti, igabanuka ridakomeye kandi amazi arenga, kandi ifite imbaraga nziza za mekanike.

Polyester idasembuye na epoxy resin byombi bishobora gukorwamo FRP, ifite imbaraga nziza za mekanike. Urugero, pulasitiki ikoreshwa mu byuma by'ikirahure ikozwe muri polyester idasembuye ifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike kandi ifite ubucucike buke (1/5 kugeza 1/4 cy'icyuma, 1/2 cya aluminiyumu), kandi yoroshye kuyitunganya mu bice bitandukanye by'amashanyarazi. Imiterere y'amashanyarazi n'iy'imekanike ya pulasitiki ikozwe muri dipropylene phthalate resin ni myiza kuruta iya pulasitiki ya phenolic na amino thermosetting. Ifite hygroscopicity nke, ingano ihamye y'ibicuruzwa, imikorere myiza yo gushushanya, aside na alkali, amazi abira n'ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya organic solvents. Iyi mvange ikwiriye gukorwamo ibice bifite imiterere ikomeye, ubushyuhe budashira kandi irinda ubushyuhe bwinshi. Muri rusange, ishobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya -60 ~ 180℃, kandi urwego rwo kwirinda ubushyuhe rushobora kugera kuri grade F kugeza kuri H, iri hejuru kuruta urwego rwo kwirinda ubushyuhe rwa pulasitiki ya phenolic na amino.

Plasitiki ya silikoni mu buryo bwa polysiloxane ikoreshwa cyane mu ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki n'amashanyarazi. Plasitiki ya silikoni ikoreshwa cyane cyane n'igitambaro cy'ikirahure; plastiki ikozwe muri silikoni yuzuyemo fibre y'ikirahure na asbestos, bikoreshwa mu gukora ibice birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, moteri zikoresha frequency nyinshi cyangwa moteri zishobora kwinjizwa mu mazi, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Ubu bwoko bwa plastiki burangwa no kuba bufite agaciro gake ka dielectric hamwe n'agaciro ka tgδ, kandi ntibugira ingaruka nyinshi ku frequency. Ikoreshwa mu nganda z'amashanyarazi n'iz'ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo irwanye corona na arcs. Nubwo isohoka ryatuma ibintu bibora, ibicuruzwa ni silicon dioxide aho kuba umukara wa karuboni utwara. . Ubu bwoko bw'ibikoresho bufite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe kandi bushobora gukoreshwa buri gihe kuri 250°C. Ingaruka mbi za polysilicone ni imbaraga nke za mekanike, ubushobozi buke bwo gufatana no kudakomera kw'amavuta. Polymeri nyinshi za silikoni zahinduwe zarakozwe, nka plastiki ya silikoni yahinduwe na polyester kandi zakoreshejwe mu ikoranabuhanga ry'amashanyarazi. Plastiki zimwe na zimwe ni thermoplastic na thermosetting. Urugero, polyvinyl chloride muri rusange ni thermoplastic. Ubuyapani bwakoze ubwoko bushya bwa polyvinyl chloride y'amazi ari yo thermoset kandi ifite ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 60 kugeza 140. Plastike yitwa Lundex muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ifite imiterere ya thermoplastic, ndetse n'imiterere ya thermosetting ya plastiki.

① Plastike ya Hydrocarbon.

Ni pulasitiki idakoresha icyuma gishyushya, igabanyijemo ibice bibiri: kristali n'icyuma kidakoresha icyuma gishyushya. Plasitiki za hydrocarbon zirimo polyethylene, polypropylene, n'ibindi, naho pulasitiki idakoresha icyuma gishyushya zirimo polystyrene, n'ibindi.

②Plastike ya Vinyl irimo genes za polar.

Uretse fluoroplastics, inyinshi muri zo ni imibiri ibonerana idakoresha kristali, harimo polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, n'izindi. Monomer nyinshi za vinyl zishobora guhindurwamo polymer hakoreshejwe catalysts za radical.

③Plastike z'ubuhanga mu by'ubushyuhe.

Ahanini harimo polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, nibindi. Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polypropylene yahinduwe, nibindi nabyo biri muri uru rwego.

④ Plastike za thermoplastic cellulose.

Irimo cyane cyane acetate ya selulosi, acetate ya selulosi butyrate, selulosi, selulosi n'ibindi.

Dushobora gukoresha ibikoresho byose bya pulasitiki byavuzwe haruguru.
Mu bihe bisanzwe, PP yo mu rwego rw'ibiribwa na PP yo mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi bikoreshwa ku bicuruzwa bisa naibiyiko. Igikoresho cy'imipiraikozwe mu bikoresho bya HDPE, kandiagakoresho ko gupimishamuri rusange ikorwa mu bikoresho bya PP cyangwa PS byo mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi. Turacyafite ibicuruzwa byinshi, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitandukanye, kuko turiibihumyouwabikoze, hafi ya byose bishobora gukorwa muri pulasitiki